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The Hanging Garden A serial short fiction blog. BABYLON OVER TIME by Tessa Gratton. Like a key, and she could imagine him unlocking the cage around her heart. 12 key facts and legends about the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. 01 Oct 2010 at 11:00. 7 wonders of the world. Amytis Babylon Nebuchadrezzar II Nineveh Semiramis the Hanging Gardens. Below I deliver some key points and facts about the Hanging Gardens and let your nature, not mind, be the judge. If you’re a hopeless romantic you. The Hanging Gardens of Babylon is the only Wonder of the Ancient World that does not have a proven location. According to Greek texts, the Hanging Gardens of Babylon is depicted as a lush garden of exotic foliage and wildlife, with man-made waterfalls.

Greek and Roman texts paint vivid pictures of the luxurious Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Amid the hot, arid landscape of ancient Babylon, lush vegetation cascaded like waterfalls down the terraces of the 75-foot-high garden. Exotic plants, herbs and flowers dazzled the eyes, and fragrances wafted through the towering botanical oasis dotted with statues and tall stone columns.

Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II was said to have constructed the luxurious Hanging Gardens in the sixth century B.C. as a gift to his wife, Amytis, who was homesick for the beautiful vegetation and mountains of her native Media (the northwestern part of modern-day Iran). To make the desert bloom, a marvel of irrigation engineering would have been required. Scientists have surmised that a system of pumps, waterwheels and cisterns would have been employed to raise and deliver the water from the nearby Euphrates River to the top of the gardens.

The multiple Greek and Roman accounts of the Hanging Gardens, however, were second-hand–written centuries after the wonder’s alleged destruction. First-hand accounts did not exist, and for centuries, archaeologists have hunted in vain for the remains of the gardens. A group of German archaeologists even spent two decades at the turn of the 20th century trying to unearth signs of the ancient wonder without any luck. The lack of any relics has caused skeptics to question whether the supposed desert wonder was just an “historical mirage.”

However, Dr. Stephanie Dalley, an honorary research fellow and part of the Oriental Institute at England’s Oxford University, believes she has found evidence of the existence of the legendary Wonder of the Ancient World. In her soon-to-be-released book “The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: An Elusive World Wonder Traced,” published by Oxford University Press, Dalley asserts that the reason why no traces of the Hanging Gardens have ever been found in Babylon is because they were never built there in the first place.

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Dalley, who has spent the better part of two decades researching the Hanging Gardens and studying ancient cuneiform texts, believes they were constructed 300 miles to the north of Babylon in Nineveh, the capital of the rival Assyrian empire. She asserts the Assyrian king Sennacherib, not Nebuchadnezzar II, built the marvel in the early seventh century B.C., a century earlier than scholars had previously thought.

According to Oxford University, Dalley, who is a scholar in ancient Mesopotamian languages, found evidence in new translations of the ancient texts of King Sennacherib that describe his own “unrivaled palace” and a “wonder for all peoples.” He also mentioned a bronze water-raising screw—similar to Archimedes’ screw developed four centuries later—that could have been used to irrigate the gardens.

Recent excavations around Nineveh, near the modern-day Iraqi city of Mosul, have uncovered evidence of an extensive aqueduct system that delivered water from the mountains with the inscription: “Sennacherib king of the world…Over a great distance I had a watercourse directed to the environs of Nineveh.” Bas reliefs from the royal palace in Nineveh depicted a lush garden watered by an aqueduct, and unlike the flat surroundings of Babylon, the more rugged topography around the Assyrian capital would have made the logistical challenges in elevating water to the gardens far easier for an ancient civilization to overcome.

Dalley explains that the reason for the confusion of the location of the gardens could be due to the Assyrian conquering of Babylon in 689 B.C. Following the takeover, Nineveh was referred to as the “New Babylon,” and Sennacherib even renamed the city gates after those of Babylon’s entrances. Dalley’s assertions could debunk thoughts that the elusive ancient wonder was an “historical mirage,” but they could also prove that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon are mislabeled and should truly be the Hanging Gardens of Nineveh.

Hanging Garden Of Babylon Today

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon were one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World as listed by Hellenic culture, described as a remarkable feat of engineering with an ascending series of tiered gardens containing a wide variety of trees, shrubs, and vines, resembling a large green mountain constructed of mud bricks, and said to have been built in the ancient city of Babylon, near present-day Hillah, Babil province, in Iraq. Its name is derived from the Greek word kremastósNero 2016 mediahome serial key. (κρεμαστός, lit. 'overhanging'), which has a broader meaning than the modern English word 'hanging' and refers to trees being planted on a raised structure such as a terrace.^[1][2][3]

According to one legend, the Hanging Gardens were built alongside a grand palace known as The Marvel of Mankind, by the Neo-Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzar II (who ruled between 605 and 562 BC), for his Median wife Queen Amytis, because she missed the green hills and valleys of her homeland. This was attested to by the Babylonian priest Berossus, writing in about 290 BC, a description that was later quoted by Josephus. The construction of the Hanging Gardens has also been attributed to the legendary queen Semiramis, who supposedly ruled Babylon in the 9th century BC,^[4] and they have been called the Hanging Gardens of Semiramis as an alternate name.^[5]

The Hanging Gardens are the only one of the Seven Wonders for which the location has not been definitively established.^[6] There are no extant Babylonian texts that mention the gardens, and no definitive archaeological evidence has been found in Babylon.^[7][8] Three theories have been suggested to account for this. One: that they were purely mythical, and the descriptions found in ancient Greek and Roman writings (including those of Strabo, Diodorus Siculus and Quintus Curtius Rufus) represented a romantic ideal of an eastern garden.^[9] Two: that they existed in Babylon, but were completely destroyed sometime around the first century AD.^[10][4] Three: that the legend refers to a well-documented garden that the Assyrian King Sennacherib (704–681 BC) built in his capital city of Nineveh on the River Tigris, near the modern city of Mosul.^[11][1]

Descriptions[edit]

There are five principal writers whose descriptions of Babylon exist in some form today. These writers concern themselves with the size of the Hanging Gardens, their overall design and means of irrigation, and why they were built.

Josephus (c.37–100 AD) quotes a description of the gardens by Berossus, a Babylonian priest of Marduk,^[6] whose writing circa 290 BC is the earliest known mention of the gardens.^[5] Berossus described the reign of Nebuchadnezzar II and is the only source to credit that king with the construction of the Hanging Gardens.^[12][13]

In this palace he erected very high walks, supported by stone pillars; and by planting what was called a pensile paradise, and replenishing it with all sorts of trees, he rendered the prospect an exact resemblance of a mountainous country. This he did to gratify his queen, because she had been brought up in Media, and was fond of a mountainous situation.^[14]

Diodorus Siculus (active c.60–30 BC) seems to have consulted the 4th century BC texts of both Cleitarchus (a historian of Alexander the Great) and Ctesias of Cnidus. Diodorus ascribes the construction to a Syrian king. He states that the garden was in the shape of a square, with each side approximately four plethra long. The garden was tiered, with the uppermost gallery being 50 cubits high. The walls, 22 feet thick, were made of brick. The bases of the tiered sections were sufficiently deep to provide root growth for the largest trees, and the gardens were irrigated from the nearby Euphrates.^[15]

Quintus Curtius Rufus (fl. 1st century AD) probably drew on the same sources as Diodorus.^[16] He states that the gardens were located on top of a citadel, which was 20 stadia in circumference. He attributes the building of the gardens to a Syrian king, again for the reason that his queen missed her homeland.

The account of Strabo (c.64 BC – 21 AD) possibly based his description on the lost account of Onesicritus from the 4th century BC.^[17] He states that the gardens were watered by means of an Archimedes' screw leading to the gardens from the Euphrates river.

The last of the classical sources, thought to be independent of the others, is A Handbook to the Seven Wonders of the World by Philo of Byzantium (writing in the 4th to 5th century AD; not to be confused with Philo of Byzantium, who lived ca. 280 BC – ca. 220 BC).^[18] The method of raising water by screw matches that described by Strabo.^[19] Philo praises the engineering and ingenuity of building vast areas of deep soil, which had a tremendous mass, so far above the natural grade of the surrounding land, as well as the irrigation techniques.

Historical existence[edit]

Hanging Gardens Of Babylon Video

It is unclear whether the Hanging Gardens were an actual construction or a poetic creation, owing to the lack of documentation in contemporaneous Babylonian sources. There is also no mention of Nebuchadnezzar's wife Amyitis (or any other wives), although a political marriage to a Median or Persian would not have been unusual.^[20] Many records exist of Nebuchadnezzar's works, yet his long and complete inscriptions do not mention any garden.^[21] However, the gardens were said to still exist at the time that later writers described them, and some of these accounts are regarded as deriving from people who had visited Babylon.^[2]Herodotus, who describes Babylon in his Histories, does not mention the Hanging Gardens,^[22] although it could be that the gardens were not yet well known to the Greeks at the time of his visit.^[2]

To date, no archaeological evidence has been found at Babylon for the Hanging Gardens.^[6] It is possible that evidence exists beneath the Euphrates, which cannot be excavated safely at present. The river flowed east of its current position during the time of Nebuchadnezzar II, and little is known about the western portion of Babylon.^[23] Rollinger has suggested that Berossus attributed the Gardens to Nebuchadnezzar for political reasons, and that he had adopted the legend from elsewhere.^[24]

Hanging Garden at Nineveh[edit]

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One proposal is that the Hanging Gardens of Babylon were actually constructed by the Assyrian king Sennacherib (reigned 704 – 681 BC) for his palace at Nineveh. Stephanie Dalley posits that during the intervening centuries the two sites became confused, and the extensive gardens at Sennacherib's palace were attributed to Nebuchadnezzar II's Babylon.^[1] Archaeological excavations have found traces of a vast system of aqueducts attributed to Sennacherib by an inscription on its remains, which Dalley proposes were part of a 80-kilometre (50 mi) series of canals, dams, and aqueducts used to carry water to Nineveh with water-raising screws used to raise it to the upper levels of the gardens.^[25]

Dalley bases her arguments on recent developments in the analysis of contemporary Akkadian inscriptions. Her main points are:^[26]

• The name 'Babylon', meaning 'Gate of the Gods'^[27] was applied to several Mesopotamian cities.^[28] Sennacherib renamed the city gates of Nineveh after gods,^[29] which suggests that he wished his city to be considered 'a Babylon'.
• Only Josephus names Nebuchadnezzar as the king who built the gardens; although Nebuchadnezzar left many inscriptions, none mentions any garden or engineering works.^[30]Diodorus Siculus and Quintus Curtius Rufus specify a 'Syrian' king. By contrast, Sennacherib left written descriptions,^[31] and there is archaeological evidence of his water engineering.^[32] His grandson Assurbanipal pictured the mature garden on a sculptured wall panel in his palace.^[33]
• Sennacherib called his new palace and garden 'a wonder for all peoples'. He describes the making and operation of screws to raise water in his garden.^[34]
• The descriptions of the classical authors fit closely to these contemporary records. Before the Battle of Gaugamela in 331 BC Alexander the Great camped for four days near the aqueduct at Jerwan.^[35] The historians who travelled with him would have had ample time to investigate the enormous works around them, recording them in Greek. These first-hand accounts do not survive into our times but were quoted by later Greek writers.

King Sennacherib's garden was well-known not just for its beauty – a year-round oasis of lush green in a dusty summer landscape – but also for the marvelous feats of water engineering that maintained the garden.^[36] There was a tradition of Assyrian royal garden building. King Ashurnasirpal II (883–859 BC) had created a canal, which cut through the mountains. Fruit tree orchards were planted. Also mentioned were pines, cypresses and junipers; almond trees, date trees, ebony, rosewood, olive, oak, tamarisk, walnut, terebinth, ash, fir, pomegranate, pear, quince, fig, and grapes. A sculptured wall panel of Assurbanipal shows the garden in its maturity. One original panel^[37] and the drawing of another^[38] are held by the British Museum, although neither is on public display. Several features mentioned by the classical authors are discernible on these contemporary images.

Of Sennacherib's palace, he mentions the massive limestone blocks that reinforce the flood defences. Parts of the palace were excavated by Austin Henry Layard in the mid-19th century. His citadel plan shows contours which would be consistent with Sennacherib's garden, but its position has not been confirmed. The area has been used as a military base in recent times, making it difficult to investigate further.

The irrigation of such a garden demanded an upgraded water supply to the city of Nineveh. The canals stretched over 50 km into the mountains. Sennacherib was proud of the technologies he had employed and describes them in some detail on his inscriptions. At the headwater of Bavian (Khinnis)^[39] his inscription mentions automatic sluice gates. An enormous aqueduct crossing the valley at Jerwan was constructed of over 2 million dressed stones. It used stone arches and waterproof cement.^[40] On it is written:

Sennacherib king of the world king of Assyria. Over a great distance I had a watercourse directed to the environs of Nineveh, joining together the waters.. Over steep-sided valleys I spanned an aqueduct of white limestone blocks, I made those waters flow over it.

Sennacherib claimed that he had built a 'Wonder for all Peoples,' and said he was the first to deploy a new casting technique in place of the 'lost-wax' process for his monumental (30 tonne) bronze castings. He was able to bring the water into his garden at a high level because it was sourced from further up in the mountains, and he then raised the water even higher by deploying his new water screws. This meant he could build a garden that towered above the landscape with large trees on the top of the terraces – a stunning artistic effect that surpassed those of his predecessors.

Plants[edit]

The Hanging Gardens Of Babylon Today

The gardens, as depicted in artworks, featured blossoming flowers, ripe fruit, burbling waterfalls and terraces exuberant with rich foliage. Plant species that may have been found in the gardens, as based on Babylonian literature, tradition, and the environmental characteristics of the area, will be as follows:^[41]

Imported plant varieties that may have been present in the gardens include the cedar, cypress, myrtle, pomegranate, plum, juniper, oak, ash tree, fir, nightshade and willow.^{[citation needed]} Some of these plants were suspended over the terraces and draped over its walls with arches underneath.The tamarisk and date-palms are hardy plants, surefooted of withstanding the heat and aridity of the area. They also have their profitable benefits as well (dates were commonly traded goods).^{[citation needed]}

See also[edit]

References[edit]

1. ^ ^abcStephanie Dalley (1993). 'Ancient Mesopotamian Gardens and the Identification of the Hanging Gardens of Babylon Resolved'. Garden History. 21: 7. JSTOR1587050.
2. ^ ^abcReade, Julian (2000). 'Alexander the Great and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon'. Iraq. 62: 195. doi:10.2307/4200490. ISSN0021-0889.
3. ^Foster, Karen Polinger (2004). 'The Hanging Gardens of Nineveh'. Iraq. 66: 207. doi:10.2307/4200575. ISSN0021-0889.
4. ^ ^ab'The Hanging Gardens of Babylon'. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
5. ^ ^abCartwright M (July 2018). 'Hanging Gardens of Babylon'. Ancient History Encyclopedia. Retrieved 15 September 2018.
6. ^ ^abcFinkel (1988) p. 41.
7. ^Finkel (1988) p. 58.
8. ^Finkel, Irving; Seymour, Michael (2008). Babylon: City of Wonders. London: British Museum Press. p. 52. ISBN0-7141-1171-6.
9. ^Finkel 2008
10. ^'The Hanging Gardens of Babylon'. Retrieved 5 February 2014.
11. ^Dalley, Stephanie (2013). The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-966226-5.
12. ^Finkel (2008) p. 108.
13. ^Dalley, Stephanie (1994). 'Nineveh, Babylon and the Hanging Gardens: Cuneiform and Classical Sources Reconciled'. Iraq. 56: 45. doi:10.2307/4200384. ISSN0021-0889.
14. ^Joseph. contr. Appion. lib. 1. c. 19.—Syncel. Chron. 220.—Euseb. Præp. Evan. lib. 9.
15. ^Diodorus Siculus II.10-1-10
16. ^History of Alexander V.1.35-5
17. ^Strabo, Geography XVI.1.5, translation adapted from H.L. Jones, Loeb Classical Library edn (1961).
18. ^That is, Philo the Paradoxographer of Byzantium, not Philo the Engineer of Byzantium. See Stephanie Dalley, 'More about the Hanging Gardens,' in Of Pots and Pans: Papers on the Archaeology and History of Mesopotamia and Syria as presented to David Oates on his 75th Birthday, Edited by L. al-Gailani-Werr, J.E. Curtis, H. Martin, A. McMahon, J. Oates and J.E. Reade, (London), pp. 67–73 ISBN1-897750-62-5.
19. ^Dalley (2013), p. 40. Dalley bases her translation on Brodersen (1992) who uses an early Greek text. A previous translation by David Oates, based on a Latin text, is found in Finkel (1988) pp. 45–46.
20. ^Finkel (2008) p. 109.
21. ^Dalley (2013)
22. ^Priestley, Jessica (2014). Herodotus and Hellenistic culture: Literary Studies in the Reception of the Histories. Oxford: Oxford University Press. p. 91.
23. ^Joan Oates, Babylon, Revised Edition, Thames and Hudson, London (1986) p. 144 ISBN0500273847.
24. ^Rollinger, Robert 'Berossos and the Monuments', ed. J Haubold et al, The World of Berossos, Wiesbaden (2013), p151
25. ^Alberge, Dalya (5 May 2013). 'Babylon's hanging garden: ancient scripts give clue to missing wonder'. The Guardian. Retrieved 6 May 2013.
26. ^Dalley, Stephanie (2013) The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced, Oxford University Press ISBN978-0-19-966226-5.
27. ^AR George, Babylonian Topographical Texts, (1992)
28. ^see for example Cuneiform Texts in the British Museum, Vol 19, page 25, line 25
29. ^Pongratz-Leisten, Ina Sulmi Erub (1994),
30. ^See Dalley (2013) ch 1 for a summary.
31. ^Especially: the Iraq Museum prism dated 694 BC published by A Heidel, The Octagonal Sennacherib Prism in the Iraq Museum, Sumer 9 (1953); and the British Museum prism BM103000 of the same date
32. ^T Jacobsen and S Lloyd, Sennacherib's Aqueduct at Jerwan (1935); Reade, Studies in Assyrian Geography, Revue d'Assyriologie 72 (1978); Channel 4 TV programme Secret History: Finding Babylon's Hanging Garden, 24 November 2013
33. ^AH Layard, Discoveries in the Ruins of Nineveh and Babylon, (1853)
34. ^Dalley (2013), pp. 62–63
35. ^R Lane Fox, Alexander the Great (1973)
36. ^Stephanie Dalley (2013). The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: An Elusive World Wonder Traced. Oxford University Press. pp. 65–82. ISBN978-0-19-966226-5. The quotations in this section are the translations of the author and are reproduced with the permission of OUP.
37. ^BM124939
38. ^Original Drawing IV 77
39. ^Layard (1853)
40. ^Jacobsen (1935)
41. ^The Lost Gardens of Babylon - Guide to Ancient Plants by PBS, May 2, 2014

Sources[edit]

• Finkel, Irving (1988). 'The Hanging Gardens of Babylon'. In Clayton, Peter; Price, Martin (eds.). The Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. New York: Routledge. pp. 38 ff. ISBN0-415-05036-7.
• Finkel, Irving L.; Seymour, Michael J., eds. (2008). Babylon. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN0-19-538540-3.
• Dalley, Stephanie (2013). The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: an elusive World Wonder traced. Oxford University Press. ISBN978-0-19-966226-5.

Hanging Gardens Of Babylon Found

Further reading[edit]

• Dalley, Stephanie. 1994. 'Nineveh, Babylon and the Hanging Gardens: Cuneiform and Classical Sources Reconciled.' Iraq 56: 45-58. doi:10.2307/4200384.
• --. 2013. The Mystery of the Hanging Garden of Babylon: An Elusive World Wonder Traced. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
• Norwich, John Julius. 2009. The Great Cities In History. London: Thames & Hudson.
• Reade, Julian. 2000. 'Alexander the Great and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon.' Iraq 62: 195-217. doi:10.2307/4200490.

External links[edit]

• The Lost Gardens of Babylon Documentary produced by the PBS Series Secrets of the Dead

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Coordinates: 32°32′08″N44°25′39″E / 32.5355°N 44.4275°E